This glossary of business terms and definitions includes the main terminology used in business, plus many more unusual, interesting and amusing words and expressions found in business and management, and the wider world of work and modern life.

The definitions are designed to be quick, easy and enjoyable to read. It's not meant to be an encyclopedia. Please send your suggestions for additional terms, and any corrections.

If you can't find a term try the search box at the top of the page. There are many other subjects covered on this website aside from these dictionary definitions. Some of these terms can have different meanings in situations outside of business and management, and some can even have different meanings in different areas of business. Generally this glossary lists the most common uses and meanings. People do not always use terminology correctly, which means it's very important to seek clarification when you hear a strange term.

Seeking clarification can be helpful for others too who might not be so bold as to ask. Please note that UK-English spellings for words such as colour, behaviour are different to US-English spellings color, behavior. UK-English spellings of many words ending in 'ise', such as organise, realise, etc. Please adapt the materials for your own situation accordingly. Also known as the Golden Section, Divine Proportion, and phi pronounced 'fy' as in the word 'fly' the twenty-first letter of the Greek alphabet.

Also loosely referred to as Golden Ratio 1: Phi is used intentionally or instinctively in many different areas of design, for example architecture, music, and art.

Phi is also an easy 'secret' to achieving aesthetically pleasing positioning and proportions. The Golden Ratio is found in diverse designs such as Stradivarius violins, the Pyramids, Notre Dame Cathedral, and in nature, for example the human face.

Pi has an infinite number of decimal places, and fascinates mathematicians in calculating pi itself, and memory experts too in memorizing as much of it as possible. Western airlines, for example, tend not to have seats and rows numbered Friday 13th is a particularly superstitious date. Friday and the number 13 derive their superstitious reputations mostly from Christian beliefs and Norse folklore.

Less than carat gold is generally not sold as gold. The phenomenon has caused significant new thinking in business, management, marketing, etc. The show first aired in ending inin which up to seven progressively more difficult questions were asked of each contestant, beginning with a one dollar prize, doubling each time a question was successfully answered and the option to 'leave it' rather than 'take it' the prize money was preferred.

Giving a wrong answer ended the game and the potential prize money was lost. During the s the expression "sixty-four dollar question" became popular in the US referring to a very challenging question. The expression adapted accordingly and has endured and spread, despite the short life of the new TV show and a couple of subsequent relaunch attempts and name variations. More recently the expression is frequently adapted to refer to a sum of million dollars or pounds, which is not wildly disproportionate with big money prizes in modern times.

Typically 72 is divided by the compound interest rate to give the approximate years. The term has existed since the early s and no-one knows the true derivation, although increasingly daft ones are suggested. Increasingly now applied to non-food services in which individual selections are offered rather than fixed provisions. A1 - Top quality rating, applicable to various business situations, e.

The term is from Jerry B Harvey's book The Abilene Paradox and other Meditations on Management Jossey-Bass, The trip was a waste of time, after which it emerged that no-one wanted to go.

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The group's members form false impressions of the group's preference, and blindly follow it. The effect is related, but slightly different from a risk in elections and especially tactical voting, whereby the collective effect produces an outcome nobody wants.

This 'daft group decision' effect may also be likened to group decision outcomes represented by expressions such as 'designed by committee' and 'a camel is a horse designed by a committee', both of which seek to illustrate that group decisions often produce unhelpful or poor quality outcomes. The tendency is an example of 'heuristic' thinking specifically 'following the herd'where decisions are made instinctively and emotionally, rather than logically and rationally, and relates strongly to Nudge theory and the heuristics within it.

More recently 'above the fold' has been adopted and adapted for use in internet terminology, where it refers to the upper section of a webpage that is viewable without scrolling down the page. It is by its nature a rather loose term, dependent on the publication itself, and especially given the different screen sizes and page layouts for content viewable online using PCs, smartphones, tablets, etc. Above The Line - Marketing and advertising through mass-media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, Internet, etc.

Companies usually use advertising agencies for ATL marketing. Abram's Law - Construction industry theory relating to concrete strength as determined by the ratio of water to cement. Absolute Advantage - Being able to produce goods more cheaply than other countries. Abstract - A brief summary covering the main points of a written article or research project. Accelerator - A company which supplies office space, marketing services, etc. Acceptance Bonus - The amount paid to an employee who agrees to perform a difficult task.

Accessibility - Refers to the ease by which an audience is able to receive, understand and act upon communications and services from businesses, big corporations, agencies, local and central government. Accessibility is a relatively modern concept, becoming increasingly prominent from the late s, especially concerning state services, and particularly for disadvantaged, disabled, or minority groups of people.

The concept and central principles of accessibility are however very relevant and important for all communicators, on a personal and organizational level. Major factors of accessibility include: Accounts - An individual's or company's financial records. Also an arrangement to keep money with a financial institution, e.

Accretion - Growth or increase in the value or amount of something. Across The Board - The involvement of, or affect on, everyone or everything in an industry or company. Actuals - Real costs, sales, etc. Ad hoc - Created or done for a particular purpose as necessary and not planned in advance. Adjunct - A thing which is added or attached as a supplementary, rather than an essential part of something larger or more important.

Adoption Curve - A graph showing the rate at which a new piece of technology is bought by people for the first time. It is based on the idea that certain people are more open for adaptation than others. Ad Rotation - Describes the rotation of advertisements on a web page - each time a user clicks on a different page or returns to a page they've viewed previously in the same session, a different advert appears on the screen.

Adverse Event - Term used when a volunteer in a clinical trial has a negative or unfavourable reaction to a drug, etc. Advertising - The promotion and selling of a product or service to potential customers. To announce publicly or draw attention to an event, etc. Advertising Standards Authority ASA - The UK self-regulatory body funded by the advertising industry for ensuring that all advertising adheres to ASA standards, notably not to offend or mislead people.

Equivalents named the same exist in other countries. Advertorial - An advert in a magazine or newspaper that is written like an article giving facts rather than appearing as an advertisement for a product.

Affidavit - A sworn signed statement of fact used as evidence in court whose signature has been witnessed by a commissioner of oaths or other authorised officer, for example a notary.

Medieval Latin for 'he has stated on oath', from affidare, meaning to trust. Affiliate - A company or person controlled by or connected to a larger organisation. In web marketing an affiliate normally receives a commission for promoting another company's products or services. Ageism - Unfair prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person's age. Aggregate - A whole consisting of the combination of smaller separate elements. Aggregate Planning - The process of planning and developing the best way of producing the right amount of goods, at the right time and at the minimum cost, based on the total number of items which need to be produced, and the amount of materials, equipment and workers necessary for production.

Aggressive Growth Fund - A high risk investment fund in which shares are expected to increase in value very quickly in the hope of making large profits. Agile Development Method - A type of business development which gets things moving quickly and adapts during the development, as distinct from conventional planning and project management implementation. Agio - The percentage charged by a bank for exchanging one form of currency or money, into another that is more valuable.

Agitprop - Political propaganda published ideas designed to motivate people into certain political views or actions typically in art, music, literature, etc. In the west the term is more associated with publication of left-wing or socialist ideas, often targeted against a governing right-wing authority.

Agribusinesss - Farming industry on a large corporate scale. Also called the 'hierarchy of effects' - we all buy things, and decide to change something, after passing through these four key stages. See AIDA in sales training materials. A-list - A list of the most celebrated or sought-after companies or individuals, especially in show business and entertainment. Alpha Test - The first stage of testing a new product, especially computer software or hardware, carried out by a developer under controlled conditions.

Amalgamate - When two or more companies combine or unite to form one large organisation. Amortize - To gradually reduce and write off the cost of an asset in a company's accounts over a period of time.

Anchor Tenant - The first and most prestigious tenant, typically a store in a shopping centre, that will attract other tenants or shoppers. Ancillary Staff - People who provide necessary support to the primary activities and work of an organization, e. Annuity - Often used to provide a pension. An annuity is a fixed regular payment payed over a number of years to a person during their lifetime. Antediluvian - An interesting and humorous metaphorical description of something for example a product or service or concept that is obsolete, old-fashioned or primitive, or devised a long time ago.

Antediluvian is therefore a clever way to say that something is so old as to be 'out of the Ark'. It's a very very old concept. Anthropomorphic characterizations have been found on ancient scuptures dating back more than 30, years. The word is Greek, originally from athropos, human, and morphe, form. Appellant - A person appealing to a higher court against a decision of a lower court or other decision-making body. Apple Box - Used in films, TV, etc.

Wooden boxes of various sizes which are used to elevate actors and celebrities. Appraisal - A review of performance, capability, needs, etc. Arbiter - A person who settles a dispute or has the ultimate authority to decide the outcome of a matter. Arbitrator - An independent person or body officially appointed to settle a dispute.

Also pluralised - archives - meaning the same, and referring to the place of storage. Articles Of Association - The document which lists the regulations which govern the running of a company, setting out the rights and duties of directors and stockholders, individually and in meetings.

Aspirational Brand - A brand or product which people admire and believe is high quality, and wish to own because they think it will give them a higher social position. Assets - Anything of value which is owned by an individual, company, organisation, etc. Asset Stripping - Buying a stricken company and selling off its assets with no thought for the future of the company or its people, customers, etc.

Attrition - The process of reducing the number of employees in an organisation by not replacing people who leave their jobs. Auditor - A qualified person who officially examines the financial records of a company to check their accuracy.

Autocratic - Offensively self-assured or given to exercising unwarranted power. Expecting to be obeyed and not caring about the opinions and feeling of others. Avant Garde - New or original and often unconventional techniques, concepts, products, etc, usually associated with the arts and creative areas. Average Daily Rate - In the hotel industry a calculation of the average price at which a hotel room is booked each night based on total daily revenue divided by the number of rooms sold.

The term may have more general meanings in other contexts. Avatar - An identity, often in cartoon form, which can be chosen from a selection or created by the person using it to represent themselves in a website chatroom, etc. B2B - Business-To-Business, or in normal communications 'business to business'.

This refers to a commercial trading model by which a business supplies other businesses, and by implication does not generally supply consumers, i. A B2B provider is therefore a provider of business services or products, for example: More detail at B2B in the acronyms glossary.

Back-End Load - A fee or commission paid by an individual when they sell their shares in an investment fund. Back Shift - A group of workers or the period worked from late afternoon until late at night in an industry or occupation where there is also a day shift and a night shift. Backscratching - Informal term for reciprocity or returning favours, as in the term 'you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours'. Back-To-Back Loan - A loan in which two companies in separate countries borrow each other's money at the same time for a specific period at an agreed upon interest rate.

Back with Music - In the entertainment business, films, TV, etc. Bait-and-Switch - In retail sales, when customers are lured by advertisements for a product at a low price, then find that the product is not available but a more expensive substitute is.

Balance Sheet - A financial statement of an individual, company or organisation, which shows assets and liabilities money owed at a specific date. Balloon - Describes a long term loan in which there is a large final payment when the loan matures.

Bandwidth - In computing, the amount of information that can be transmitted through a communication channel over a given period of time, usually measured in 'bits per second' bps. Bancassurance - The selling of both insurance and banking services, usually by a major bank. Bank Loan - A loan made by a bank to an individual, company, etc. Bank Run - Lots of sudden and heavy cash withdrawals at the same time from a bank or banks, because customers believe the banks may become insolvent.

Barista - A person who is a professional speciality coffee maker, for example, cappuccino, latte, espresso, etc. Base 2 - Also known as the binary system, which is the basis of computer logic.

Normal counting is based on Binary just haswhich means a new column is started after two, not nine. Binary counting does not go 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. It goes 0, 1, 10, 11, etc. Other than for computing it's not very practical. A Bathtub Curve may also equate to a U-shaped graph, for example in describing a type of recession which contains a prolonged period at the lowest point, i.

See also 'bell curve' below. Bean Counter - An informal derogatory term for an accountant, especially one who is perceived or suggested to be overly concerned about expenditure detail. Beanfeast - Also known as a beano - an annual party, dinner, or outing given by an employer for its employees.

Bear Market - In the stock market a period of declining prices in which investors continue selling shares, expecting the prices to fall further. Bear Raid - The practice, in the stock market, of attempting to push the price of a stock lower by selling in large numbers and often spreading unfavourable rumours about the company concerned.

Behemoth - A large and powerful organisation. It's a bell-shape, hence the name. The term 'bell curve' refers also to this sort of statistical distribution, even if it is not actually graphed.

Technically in probability theory, mathematics and marketing, etc. There is a broad correlation between the notion of a 'bell curve' and Pareto theoryalso known as the ' Rule', i. Separately note for interest, the contrast between 'bell curve' and 'bathtub curve' graphs and what they mean.

Bells and Whistles - Extra features added often more for show than function, especially on computers, cameras, etc. Below The Line - BTL. Describes marketing which has a short-term duration, such as non-media advertising, direct-mail, e-mail, exhibitions, incentives, brochures, etc. Often used by companies on a limited budget. Bench Warrant - An order issued by a judge for an absent defendent to be arrested and brought before a court. Benefit Principle - A taxation principle which states that those who benefit more from government expenditure, financed by taxes, should pay more tax for the product or service than those who benefit less.

Benefits Realisation - Also Benefits Realisation Management, or if you prefer the US English it would be Benefits Realization. This refers to the translation of projects into real and perceived positive effects, seemingly a concept devised originally in the field of IT and ICT Information and Communications Technology project management, where projects are notoriously difficult to manage successfully and generate clear end-user appreciation.

The term, abbreviated to BRM, is increasingly applied more widely to change management and project management of all sorts, representing an additional final stage of project management process, for which a manager is sometimes specifically responsible.

Best Boy - The person on film sets, TV, etc. Beta Test - The second test of a product, such as computer hardware, software, or even a website, under actual usage conditions, before the final version is used by or sold to the public. Bid Bond - A sum agreed to be paid by a company that wins a contract if the work is not carried out. Big Bang - Occurred UK on 27th Octoberwhen major technology changes took place on the London Stock Exchange chiefly to replace manual systems with electronic processes.

The Big Board - An informal name for the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street. The Big Three - The three largest credit ratings agencies: Standard and Poor's; Moody's, and Fitch.

These companies have an enormous and controversial influence over corporate and international debt and the workings of credit and debt markets, banking, investments, etc.

Despite the heavy reliance on their assessments and pronouncements, the Big Three agencies failed to identify the toxic nature of the mortgage and related derivative debt 'products' prior to and regarded central to the global financial collapse, and in some cases awarded very positive ratings for these debts which subequently proved largely valueless and irrecoverable.

The Pursuit of Progress, which also gave us Parkinson's Law itself. The revived Triviality Law was popularized in by Poul Henning Kamp, a computer developer, effectively and accidentally renaming it the Bikeshed Colour effect. Essentially the law contends that people in organizations due to human nature and organizational behaviour inevitably spend a disproportionately large amount of time and effort on trivia matters - especially attempting to apply personal influence - while neglecting the really important issues because they are difficult to understand, and consequently more difficult to influence.

See Parkinson's Law and Parkinson's Law of Trivialitywhich includes more explanation about the Bikeshed Colour effect and its derivation.

Bilateral - Agreement or involvement or action by two parties, people, companies, countries, etc. See Unilateral and Multilateral. Biometrics - The biological identification of human features, such as eyes, voices and hands, increasingly used to identify individuals, e.

Bitcoin - A significant digital currency, divided into million units called satoshis, created by the pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto, first described by the creator s inbroadly as an anonymous, peer-to-peer, electronic payments system.

The Bitcoin currency is increasingly traded and as treated as seriously as conventional fiat national or state-issued currencies by the world's major financial merchants and institutions.

The Bitcoin currency is scheduled to attain a finite total volume. The Bitcoin is part of the future of money perhaps, which does not rely on state or federal constitution, operating instead peer-to-peer rather than through an institutional issuerand instead relying on computing and internet or equivalent means of administration and connection.

The Bitcoin name is a pun or double-meaning alluding to computing and coinage, i. Reports following media investigations into and cross-linking encryption patents, Bitcoin white paper documentation, and registration of the bitcoin domain name, suggested the identity of the 'developer' to be three people, Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry, although each at deny the assertion.

Here's what the Bitcoin website says about the concept at Bit Part - In films and TV, a supporting actor who has at least one line of dialogue, and who is usually listed in the credits.

Black Economy - Money earned in private cash transactions, which is untraceable, and therefore untaxable. Black Knight - A company which makes a hostile takeover bid for another company that does not want to be bought. The tendency for many people to be in denial as to the true nature of black swan event unpredictability and impact is an important part of the black swan theory itself.

Black swans can instead be of a more positive nature, for example, the invention of the internet, or the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets, and reinforced by his follow-up best seller The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. The 'black swan' metaphor alludes to both to the rareness of black swans, and to early beliefs that the creatures did not exist - which relates to general attitudes towards the real nature of 'black swan' events.

The word 'black' also suggests negative consequences, which commonly result from black swan events. Blamestorming - Portmanteau term contrived from Brainstorming and Blame, referring to meetings or discussions seeking to allocate responsibility for a failure or disaster.

Popularised in the late s by viral emails which listed amusing office terminology. Blatherskite - A person who talks at great length without saying anything useful. Originally a Scottish 16thC expression adopted into American slang from the song Maggie Lauder during the US War of Independence. Blind Test - Research method in which people are asked to try a number of similar products which are not identified by brand name, to decide which product is the best.

Blind Trial - A trial, with two groups of people, to test the effect of a new product, especially in medicine. One group is given the real product while the other group is given a placebo or 'sugar pill', which does not contain any medication. Bloatware - In computing, software that needs so much computer memory that it takes a long time to load and therefore does not function properly. Blue Chip - On the stock market, shares of a large company with a good reputation, whose value and dividends are considered to be safe and reliable.

Blue-Sky Law - In the US, a law designed to protect the public from buying fraudulent securities. Blue-Sky Thinking - Open-minded, original and creative thinking, not restricted by convention. Bluetooth - Wireless technology which allows data to be transferred over short distances between laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, etc. Blue Law - In the US, a law which regulates and limits activities for religious reasons, such as Sunday working or shopping. Bodhisattva - From Buddhism, a person who seeks enlightenment for the good of, and motivated by a compassion for, other people.

In Western thinking we could see this to be similar to Maslow's notion of 'trancendence' in the pursuit of self-actualization, notably helping others to self-actualize.

Boilerplate - A section of standard text, especially a contract clause, inserted into legal documents, or instead increasingly referring to a standard section of code inserted into computer programs or other digital applications. Usage and origins of the term boilerplate have become varied and confused, which perhaps helped popularize the term itself because this has made its meanings more flexible and widely applicable.

The term 'boiler plate' or 'boiler-plate' seems to have two main original meanings: This latter sense is more iconically meaningful because of the visibility and imagery of steam engines and old industrial machinery. Bold-Faced Names - Informal term for celebrities, used mostly in the USA. Bona Fides - Credentials showing someone's true identity.

Latin - with good faith. Typically a bond will pay a stipulated rate of interest at fixed times, and the debt is repaid at a specified time, i. More loosely the word bond can refer to a mortgage in some parts of the world, for example South Africa. A bond may also refer to a legal deed or agreement by which one person or party is bound to make payments to another; or to an insurance contract; or notably in the US to a sum of money paid as bail.

Bonded Warehouse - A warehouse in which imported goods are stored under bond, until the import taxes are paid on them. Bonus - An extra sum of money given to an employee on top of their salary, often for achieving targets.

Bonus Culture - Term used when companies give their executives huge bonuses in addition to their large salaries, even if their performance has been poor, especially leaders of financial institutions.

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Book Depreciation - A decrease or loss in value of a company's assets, as recorded in the company's finances. Bookkeeping - The recording of a business's transactions, such as sales, purchases, payments, income, etc. Bootstrapping - Starting a business from scratch and building it up with minimum outside investment. Bossnapping - Believed to have started in France, the unlawful imprisonment of a boss, in the offices of a company or on the site of a corporation, by employees who are protesting against redundancy, closure of the company, etc.

Bottom Fishing - Buying the cheapest investments available which are unlikely to fall much further in value. Bounce - In economics a bounce is a small quick partial recovery of the economy after a recession, which may subsequently continue upwards in growth, or plateau neither growing or contracting, or descend back into recession.

Bounty Hunter - In the US, someone who pursues criminals or fugitives and brings them to the police in exchange for a monetary reward. Boutique - A small shop or outlet typically selling fashionable and expensive items such as clothing. Boutique Hotel - A small individual hotel, commonly within a historic building, with luxurious stylish themed and furnished rooms, typically independently owned.

Bracket Creep - Slowly moving into a higher tax bracket with small pay increases over a period of time. Brainstorming - Problem solving in small groups, contributing ideas and developing creativity. Brand - A unique identifying symbol, trademark, company name, etc. Brand Loyalty - When a consumer repeatedly buys a particular brand of product and is reluctant to switch to another brand.

Bread and Butter - The main source of income of a company or an individual. Break Even - To make enough money to cover costs. In business, the point at which sales equals costs. To make neither a profit or loss. Dervies from the word brink, meaning the edge of a cliff or other dangerously high point. British Standards Institution - BSI.

An organisation which sets out formal guidelines to help businesses, etc. The BSI operates in more than 25 countries, and represent UK interests in other organisations, such as the ISO - International Organisation For Standardization. Brownfield - Previously developed land, either commercial or industrial, which has been cleared for redevelopment. Brown-noser - Insulting slang term for a sychophant, originally s US military slang brown-nose.

Brown-nosing describes crawling or creeping to please a boss; an amusingly disturbing interpretation of various expressions which juxtapose the head of the follower with the backside of the boss, as in the rude slang metaphors: Bubble Economy - An unstable boom when the economy experiences an unusually rapid growth, with rising share prices and increased employment. Budget - Allocation of funds or the estimation of costs for a department, project, etc.

The management of spending and saving money. Built To Flip - Companies which have been sold soon after they have been created, so that money can be made quickly.

Bullet Point - A symbol, e. Bull Market - On the Stock Market, a prolonged period in which share prices are rising and investors are buying. Business Angel - Also known as Private Investor. A, usually wealthy, individual who invests money in developing often high risk companies, and who provides their advice, skills, knowledge and contacts in return for an equity share of the business.

These are a very vague terms indeed. A lot depends on the interpretation of the term 'Business name'. Be careful to avoid applying a strict definition to such loose terms and certainly if serious implications stem from interpretation then seek expert local clarification. Business Plan - A written document which sets out a business's plans and objectives, and how it will achieve them, e. Business To Business - B2B.

Commercial transactions or activities between businesses. Button Ad - A small advertisement on a website, typically measuring x 90 pixels.

Buzzword - A word or phrase which has become fashionable or popular, or sounds technical or important and is used to impress people. See also the broadly equivalent P2P big explanation of P2P [Peer-To-Peer] in the acronyms section. Cafeteria Plan - A system which allows employees to choose from a selection of benefits which may be tax-advantaged, such as retirement plan contributions, health benefits, etc.

Calculated Risk - A risk which has been undertaken after careful consideration has been given to the likely outcome. Callable - Usually applies to bonds or convertible securities which can be bought back, at an agreed price, before maturity, by the company or government which sold them.

Call Account - A bank account, which usually pays a higher rate of interest, from which investors can make instant withdrawals.

Callipygian - Having well-shaped beautiful buttocks. This fascinating obscure term thanks S Marcus, PhD - indeed the OED categorises the adjective as 'rare' - deserves wider exposure. Callipygian is pronounced 'Kallipijian' with the emphasis on the 'pij' syllable. A more recent variation is Callypygous 'kallipijus'. The word came into English in the late s from Greek, kallipugos, which was used to describe a statue of Venus the OED says it was actually the name of a statue of Venusfrom kallos meaning beauty, and puge, meaning buttocks.

Cap And Collar - The upper and lower limits of interest rates on a loan, usually fixed for a specific period of time. Capital - The net worth of a business, including assets, cash, property, etc. The amount of money invested in a business to generate income. Capital Allowance - Money spent by a company on fixed assets, such as buildings, vehicles, machinery, which is deducted from its profits before tax is calculated.

Capital Flight - The sudden movement of money from one country or investment to another in order to reduce risk, such as high inflation, or to increase profit. Capital Gains Tax - Tax payable on profits made on the sale of certain types of assets by a company or individual.

Capitialism - When an economic system of a country is controlled and profited by private individuals and corporations, rather than the government. Capitalization Issue - When a company converts its spare profits into shares, which are then distributed to existing shareholders in proportion to the amount of shares they already hold.

Capital Outlay - Money which is spent for the acquisition of assets, such as land, buildings, vehicles, machinery. Capped-Rate - Interest rate, usually on a loan, which cannot rise above the upper set level but can vary beneath this level. Carbon Credit - Allows the right to emit a measured amount of harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the air, and can be traded between businesses and countries.

Carey Street - To be heavily in debt or bankrupt. Originates from Carey Street in London where the bankruptcy court was situated. Carload - A shipment of goods which, typically by weight, qualifies for a lower shipping rate. The term originated from USA railway freight car transportation and also applies to other methods of freight transport, notably shipping containers, hence similar terms containerload and 'less than containerload'.

Carnet - An international official permit which allows you to take certain goods, e. Carpet Bomb - To send an advertisement to a large number of people by e-mail or onto their computer screens.

Cartel - A group of separate companies or nations which together agree to control prices and not compete against each other. Also known as a Price Ring. Cash Call - A request by a company to its shareholders to invest more money. Cash Cow - A steady dependable source of income which provides money for the rest of a business. Cash Flow - The movement of money into and out of a company, organisation, etc. Cash Flow Forecast - Also called Cash Flow Projection. An estimate of the amounts of cash outgoings and incomings of a company over a specific time period, usually one year.

Casting Vote - The deciding vote cast by the presiding officer to resolve a deadlock when there are an equal number of votes on both sides. Catch - Much misused expression, it refers properly only to a problem whose solution is inherently self-defeating. Wrongly it is used to describe any insurmountable or difficult problem.

It's from Joseph Heller's book of the same name; see cliches origins. Category Killer - Large companies that put smaller and less efficient competing companies out of business.

Cattle Call - Term used in the entertainment industry for a large number of actors, etc. Caveat Emptor - When the buyer takes the risks and is responsible for checking the condition or quality of the item purchased.

Latin - Let the buyer beware. C E Mark - Conformite Europeenne European Conformity. Central Counterparty - Acts on behalf of both parties in a transaction, so that the buyer and seller do not have to deal with each other directly. Central Reservation System CRS - A computer database system used by a chain of hotels and other services providers enabling availability and rates to be monitored and bookings to be made. Chain Of Command - A system in a business, or in the military, in which authority is wielded and delegated from top management down through every level of employee.

In a chain of command instructions flow downwards and accountability flows upwards. Chamber Of Commerce - A group of business owners in a town or city who form a network to promote local business.

Channel Of Distribution - Also known as Distribution Channel. Check The Gate - A term used in the film industry after a shot is taken on a film set. The gate, or opening in front of the camera, is checked to make sure that there is no dirt, hair, etc. Clapper Boy - On a film or TV set, the person who holds the clapperboard which has information on it, for example film title, shot number, etc in front of the camera for about one second at the start of each shot after the camera starts rolling.

Class Action - A lawsuit in which one person makes a claim and sues on behalf of a large group of people who have similar legal claims, usually against a company or organisation. Class A Spot - In the media, commercials which are run on a prime time network. Clicklexia - Ironic computing slang for a user's tendency to double-click on items when a single click is required, often causing the window or utility to open twice. Clicks And Mortar - Also known as Clicks and Bricks.

Refers to businesses which trade on the Internet as well as having traditional retail outlets, such as shops. Clickstream - A record of an internet user, including every web site and web page which have been visited, and e-mails sent and received.

Clip-Art - Ready made pictures of computerised graphic art which can be copied by computer users to add to their own documents. Close Company - In the UK, a company which is controlled by five or less directors. Code-Sharing - An arrangement between different airlines in which they all agree to carry passengers on the same flight using their own flight numbers.

Coercion - Forcing someone, by some method or other, to do something or abstain from doing something against their will. Combined Ratio - In insurance, a way of measuring how much profit has been made by comparing the amount of money received from customers to the amount paid out in claims and expenses.

Commercial Monopoly - The control of a commodity or service by one provider in a particular market, virtually eliminating competition. Commercial Paper - An unsecured and unregistered short-term agreement in which organizations can borrow money from investors who cannot take the assets from the organization if the loan is not repaid. Commission - In finance, a payment based on percentage of transaction value, according to the local interpretation of value e.

Commission Broker - A person who buys and sells shares, bonds, etc. Companies House - A government agency in the UK which is responsible for collecting and storing information about limited companies. The companies must file annual accounts or face penalties. Compensation Fund - A fund set up by a company or organisation from which to pay people who have suffered loss or hardship which has been caused employees or members of the company or organisation.

Competition Law - Known as Antitrust law in the US, regulates fair competition between companies, including the control of monopolies and cartels. Competitor Analysis - Also called Competitive Analysis. A company's marketing strategy which involves assessing the performance of competitors in order to determine their strengths and weaknesses. Compliance Officer - A corporate official whose job is to ensure that a company is complying with regulations, and that its employees are complying with internal policies and procedures.

Compound Interest - Interest which is calculated on not only the the initial loan, but also on the accumulated interest. Compromise Agreement - Euphemism for a 'Gagging Clause'. Compulsory Purchase - When an organisation has the legal right to force the sale of land, property, etc.

Concept - A thought or notion. An idea for a new product, advertising campaign, etc. Concierge - An employee of e. Conciliation - To bring two disputing sides together to discuss the problem with the aim of reaching an agreement. Concordance - In publishing, a concordance is an alphabetical list of the key words from a text showing their meanings.

Concordances are rare in old large books because of the time and effort required to compile them, but more commonly arise in modern computer-generated applications. A concordance is a sort of cross-referenced index, but in sometimes very much more detail than the standard index of chapters and subjects typically shown before the main content.

There are other more complex and different meanings of the word concordance relating to various technical applications mathematics, genetics, etc where often the meanings concern duality or cross-referencing of some sort. Conditional Sale - A purchasing arrangement, usually where the buyer pays in instalments but does not become the legal owner of the goods until the full purchase price has been paid.

Conference Call - A telephone call which allows three or more people to take part at the same time. A conflict of interest produces divided loyalties, for example where a person represents two different competing businesses, or an employee is responsible for managing family members or personal friends.

Nepotism unavoidably involves a conflict of interest, regardless of intent. Politicians being paid to give advice to corporations also unavoidably involves a conflict of interest, even where there appears to be no direct connection between the politician's political responsibilities and the nature of the advice and corporate 'client'. In this respect, and elsewhere, denial of conflict of interest generally ignores the value and influence of indirect connections, obligations, 'quid-pro-quos', especially via friends and associates.

Similarly where advisors work for a government or regulatory authority, and also have external td ameritrade options trading levels interests, there is always and unavoidably some conflict of interest.

Any form of organizational self-regulation or self-investigation almost always entails a conflict of interest. Common commercial conflicts of interest arise where a provider is able to benefit in the supply of one service as a direct result from the provision of another related service and whose overall effect is typically to the disadvantage of the 'client' organization.

The lists are not exhaustive and offer merely very broad examples to questions to ask when choosing a stockbroker the principle. Be sure to clarify context before making firm judgments:. Conglomerate - A corporation which consists of several smaller companies with different business activities.

Conservator - In law, a guardian or protector appointed by a court to manage the affairs, finances, etc. Consortium - Binary options better earnings group of businesses, investors or financial institutions working together on a joint venture.

Constructive Spending - Helping the local economy by buying home produced goods, holidaying in your own country, etc.

Consultant - An expert who is paid by a company, individual, etc. Consumer - An individual who uses goods and services but who may not have been the purchaser. Consumer Credit - Also called Personal Credit or Retail Credit. Loans given to consumers by financial institutions for household or personal use. Consumer Abc stock brokers private limited - Money owed by people in the form of loans from banks or purchase agreements from retailers, such as 'buy now pay later'.

Consumer Panel - A group of selected people, usually a cross-section of a population, whose purchasing scottrade stock options are monitored by an organization, in order to provide feedback on products, services, etc. Consumer Price - The price which the general public pays for goods and services. Consumer Price Index - CPI. A measure of inflation which involves regularly monitoring the change in price for everyday goods and services purchased by households.

Consumer Protection - Laws which protect consumers against unsafe or defective products, deceptive marketing techniques, dishonest businesses, etc. Consumer Watchdog - An independent organization that protects the rights of individual customers and monitors companies to check stock symbol for square inc illegal practices.

Consumption Tax - Cp money maker trainer paid which is based on the price of services or goods, e. Contango - A situation in which the price of a commodity to be delivered in the future exceeds the immediate delivery price, often due to storage and insurance costs.

Contingency Fee - In law, a fee that is payable to the lawyer out of any damages which have been awarded to the client by a court.

There is no payment if the case is unsuccessful. Contingent Liability - This is recorded as ideas on how to raise money for mission trips debt on a company's accounts which may or may not be incurred, depending on the outcome of a future event, such as a court case.

Contraband - Goods prohibited by law from being exported or imported. Contract Of Employment - A contract between an employee and an employer which specifies terms and conditions of employment, such as hours to be worked, duties to perform, etc. Contract Of Purchase - Also called Purchase Agreement. A legal document which states the terms and conditions, including price, of the sale of an item. Contractor - An individual, company, etc. Contract Worker - A person who is hired by a company but not as an employeeoften through an employment agency, for a specific period of time to how to make money in dead frontier online on a particular project.

Contra Entry - In accounting, an amount entered which is offset by another entry of the same value, i. Control Account - An account which a company keeps in addition to its official accounts, in order to cross-check balances, etc. Convention - A large formal meeting of politicians, members, delegates, sales people, etc.

Convertible - Refers to a security bonds or shares which can be exchanged for another type of security in the same company. Convertible Currency - Currency which can be quickly and easily converted into other countries currencies.

Conveyancer - A specialist lawyer who is an expert in conveyancing, i. Cookie - On a computer, coded information that an Internet website you have visited sends to your computer which contains personal information, such as identification code, pages visited, etc. Cooling-Off Period - A period of time after the exchange of contracts, purchasing agreements, etc. Cooperative Marketing - Also known as Cooperative Advertising.

When two companies work together to promote and sell each others products. A manufacturer or distributor who supports, and often pays for, a retailers advertising. Copyright - An exclusive legal right to make copies, publish, broadcast or sell a piece of work, such as a book, film, music, picture, etc. Core Earnings - A company's revenue which is earned from its main operations or activities minus expenses, such as financing costs, asset sales, etc.

Corporate Advertising - Also called Institutional Advertising. Advertising that promotes a company's image, rather than marketing its products or services. Corporate Governance - Corporate governance refers to the ideally visible, transparent, published policies and practices by which an organization is directed and managed at executive level, with particular focus on the executive board's accountabilities to shareholders and other stakeholders, especially concerning avoidance of risk, and the competence, ethics and propriety of the leadership, typically a chairman and board of directors.

See the main Corpoprate Governance article for extensive history, guidance, standards, etc. The concept of 'corporate governance' became prominent and highly important in the late s after several corporate scandals were characterized by a serious lack of accountability and transparency in the behaviour US spelling: In short 'corporate governance' refers to how a typically but not necessarily large organization is forex trading ireland and managed at the most senior level.

By implication, where corporate governance is correctly established and operated there is a cascading effect of auto binary signals real review quality entirely throughout how to earn tix easily on roblox organization such that problems rarely arise, and wherever they do they are rectified satisfactorily and measures taken to ensure no repeat.

Where corporate governance is poorly established and operated then the organization is prone to major failures of various sorts. Where corporate scandals and disasters occur then usually these events are due ultimately to inadequate or improper corporate governance. The term corporate governance is most usually used in relation to large organizations, typically big public companies, because such organizations offer potentially huge hidden freedoms for directors to act secretly, recklessly and negligently, in ways which can have vast damaging impacts on staff, customers, shareholders, society, the environment, etc.

The root meanings of the words actually support a broad earn cash for typing See the main Corporate Governance article containing history, codes, templates, etc. Corporate Hospitality - Stock market ticker symbols uk provided by companies in order to develop good relationships with its employees, customers, other businesses, etc.

Corporate Ladder - The order of rank, position, etc. Corporate Raider - A term used for an individual or company who purchases large numbers of shares in other companies, against their wishes, in order to gain a controlling interest in the other companies, or to resell the shares for a large profit.

Corporate Social Responsibility - CSR. An obligation of a company to adhere to legal guidelines in order to meet the needs of its employees, shareholders and customers, and also to be concerned about social and environmental issues.

Corporate Veil - A term which refers to the fact how do you make money with adsense yahoo answer a company's shareholders are not liable for the company's debts, and are immune from lawsuits concerning contracts, etc.

Corporation - A large company or a group of companies which is legally authorised to act as a single entity, separate from its owners, with its liabilities for damages, debts, etc. Corporation Tax - A tax which limited companies and other organisations, such as societies, clubs, associations, etc. Correspondence Course - A study course using written correspondence, books, etc. Corruption - Lack of honesty or integrity. Illegal behaviour, such as bribery, by people in positions of authority, e.

Cost Accounting - Managerial accounting which calculates, records and controls the operating costs of pvc forex sheet uk goods or services. Cost-centre - Part of a business or organisation such as a marketing department, or quality assurance department, which is a cost amp stock market operations and does not produce external customer revenues or profit through trading.

See Profit-centre, which trades with external customers and is responsible for producing profit. Cost Intellicheck work from home reviews - A management process which ensures that departments within a company or organisation do not exceed their budget.

Cost Effective - Producing a product, offering a service, etc. Cost Leader - A company which has a competitive advantage by producing goods or offering services at a lower cost than its competitors.

Cost Of Living - The standard cost of basic necessities which people need to live, such as food, housing and clothes. Cost Of Living Allowance - COLA. A salary supplement which a company pays to employees because of an increase in the cost of living. Cost Of Sales - Also known as Cost Of Goods Sold COGS.

The cost of providing a service or manufacturing a product, including labour, materials and overheads. Cost Overrun - The amount by which the actual cost of a project, etc.

Cost Per Click - CPC. The amount of money an advertiser pays to a website publisher every time a visitor clicks on an advert displayed on the publisher's website which links to the advertisers website. Forex rates of sbi method of profitability analysis shifts all indirect costs to be directcosts directly attributable, as used, per customerand thereby enables greater clarity in assessing strategy and priorities than relying merely on gross margin indicators.

Cottage Industry - A small business in which production of goods or services are based in the home rather than in a factory or on business premises. Counterbid - To make a higher offer than someone else in a bid to buy something. Counterclaim - In a court of law, a claim made against you plaintiff by the person defendant you are making a claim against.

Counterpart - A person or position which has a corresponding function in a different organization, country, etc. The corresponding function naturally is also a counterpart. Also a copy of a legal document. Countersign - To add a second signature, where required, to a document or cheque, in order to make it valid.

Countervailing Duty - An additional tax imposed on certain imported goods which have been produced very cheaply in their country of origin, in order to bring the price of the goods up to the true market price to protect the importing country's producers.

Courier - A person who carries and delivers messages, documents, packages, etc. Check in binary options with a bonus free welcome person employed by a travel company as a tourist guide.

Courseware - Computer software designed to be used in teaching or for self-learning. Covenant - A written promise, sometimes part of a contract, to perform, or not to perform, a particular action. Cover Charge - A fixed fee charged by a nightclub or a restaurant with live entertainment, which covers, or part covers, the cost of musicians, DJs, etc.

Cowboy - A dishonest, often unqualified, business person, especially one who overcharges for bad quality work. Not to be confused with the cowboy of top-shelf publications. Crawling Peg - A system of frequently adjusting a country's exchange rate 1 dividend stocks to buy now singapore marginal amounts, because of inflation, etc.

Creative Director stock market volatility rapidshare A person who usually works in the advertising or entertainment industry and is responsible for planning and managing the creative aspects of an advertising or promotional campaign.

Credit - An arrangement in which an item for sale is received by the purchaser and paid for at a later date.

The positive balance in a bank account. An amount entered in a company's accounts which has been paid by a debtor. Credit Analysis - The process of analysing a company's financial records and assessing its ability to repay a loan, etc.

Credit Crunch - Also known as Credit Squeeze. This usually precedes a recession. A situation options made easy your guide to profitable trading (2nd edition) pdf which forex-signals-4u review for businesses and individuals are difficult to obtain, when a government is trying to control inflation, because of the fear of bankruptcy and unemployment.

The term 'Credit Crunch' also became a specific informal name for the global financial crisis and subsequent prolonged recession, which affected western economies particularly, mainly because of their highly leveraged and indebted nature, and the convoluted inter-dependent chains of credit arrangements between banks, some of which failed completely resulting in their effective nationalization or absorption into larger competitors.

Credit History - A record of an individual's or company's debt repayment, used by lenders to asses a borrowers ability to repay a loan, mortgage, etc. Credit Rating Agency - this is fascinating and significant Ratings strongly influence interest rates applied to rated organizations, i. The same principle applies to debt products, mindful that many debt products are sold from one lender to another, commonly entailing seriously vast sums of money.

As at at least one of the 'big three' credit agencies is subject to legal action by the US authorities in this connection. Along with banking and accountancy the credit ratings sector is likely to undergo major changes during the first quarter of the 21st century.

Credit Rationing - When a bank or money lender limits shopping hours anzac day perth 2014 amount of funds available to borrowers, or interest rates are very high.

Credit Rating - Information based on interpretation by an official credit rating agency or similar financial services data provider of a person's or company's or other entity's financial history and circumstances, which assesses and indicates their ability to repay debts, loans, etc.

Lenders use this information when making a decision regarding a loan approval, and in larger cases will adjust levels of interest and other financial credit terms according to the perceived risk of the loan situation and client, which may be an individual or a whole country or international federation.

Credit Repair - The process of helping to improve a person or company's credit rating, sometimes by disputing or correcting credit history discrepancies.

Credit Union - A financial institution, similar to a bank, whose members create the funds from which they can obtain loans at low rates of interest. To copy someone else's written work and pass it off as your own.

Crisis Management - Actions taken by a company to deal with an unexpected event which threatens to harm the organisation, such as a loss of a major customer, bad publicity, etc. Criterion - A principal or standard by which stock market sectors and subsectors things or people may be compared, or a decision may be based.

Critical Mass - The minimum amount of customers, resources, etc. The point at which change occurs e. Cronyism - In business and politics, showing favouritism to friends and associates by giving them jobs or appointments with no regard to their qualifications or abilities.

Crowdfunding - A method of funding and underpinning a project or business venture which became increasingly popular and visible in the 21st century, whereby users or other interested people are involved as investors at project inception, and therefore agree and commit to support a development of one sort or another. A good example of crowdfunding is the raising capital and support from a local community for the construction of nearby wind turbines, which generally otherwise encounter local hostility instead of support.

The concept of crowdfunding provides a clear illustration of the benefit of involving people as stakeholders, rather than positioning people as 'reluctant customers' or obstacles to be confronted and overcome. See ' Crowdsourcing ', which like 'Crowdfunding' embodies similar progressive, open, inclusive, non-authoritarian management philosophy.

Cross Guarantee - Also known as Inter Company Guarantee. A guarantee by livestock auction market software group of companies to be responsible for the debts, etc. The group also use the asian session forex strategy to buy stocks in tinkle you won regret it capital or take out multiple loans.

Intellicheck work from home reviews Merchandising - Also known as Add-On Sales. In retailing, the practice of putting related products together on display in order to encourage customers to purchase several items.

Crowdsourcing - Term first coined by Jeff Howe in in Wired magazine. Crowdsourcing refers to an organisation, group or individual delegating a task to a large number of people via the internet, thereby using the general public or a community of followers, users, experts, etc. Their reward is mainly a sense of ownership and real involvement, which is proven to be a very powerful and meaningful force for motivation. See the theories of Herzberg and McGregoror at a glance the diagram illustrating XY-Theory.

Crowdsourced projects can be very big indeed. Wikipedia is effectively built and maintained using crowdsourcing. The term is a 'semi- portmanteau ' in that it combines the words crowd and outsourcing. Crown Jewel - The most valuable and profitable asset of a company or business.

C-Suite - Questrade forex demo Chief Officers or most senior executives in a business or organisation. Culpability - Blame or liability for harm or damage to others, from Latin culpa meaning fault. Currency Bloc - A group of countries that use the same currency, for example the Euro.

Current Account - A bank account which can be used to make deposits, withdrawals, cash cheques, pay bill, etc. Current Assets - Also called Liquid Assets. A company's cash or assets which can be converted into cash usually within one year, including shares, inventory, etc. Current Liability - In business, a liability or debt which must be paid within one year from the time of the initial transaction.

Current Ratio - A financial ratio which gives an indication of whether or not a company can pay its short-term debts. Customer currency rates open market karachi An individual, company, etc. Customer Loyalty - Describes when a customer prefers to buy a particular brand or type of product, who prefers a particular shop, or who stays with the same company, such as a bank, insurance company, phone company, etc.

Customer Relations - The relationship a company has with its customers and the way it deals with them. The department in a company which is responsible for dealing with its customers, for example complaints, etc.

Customs Duty - A tax which must be paid on imported, and sometimes exported, goods, to raise a country's revenue and to protect domestic industries from cheaper foreign competition. Customs Union - A group of nations which have agreed to promote free trade, for example, not to charge tax on goods which they trade with one another, and to set taxes for nations which are not members of the group. Cutover - Also known as 'Going Live'.

The point in time a company or organisation, etc. Cut-Throat - Ruthless and intense competition. An unprincipled, ruthless person. Cyber Monday - In recent times, the busiest online shopping day of the year, in the USA typically the Monday after Thanksgiving Day the fourth Thursday of November ; in the UK typically the first Monday in December. Cyberspace - Term credited to author William Gibson in which describes the imaginary place where e-mails, web pages, etc. Cybersquatting - The illegal activity of buying and registering a domain name which is a well-known brand or someone's name, with the intent of selling it to its rightful owner in order to make a profit.

The Daily Official List - The daily record setting out the prices of shares that are traded on a stock exchange. Damage Limitation - The process of trying to limit or curtail the amount of damage or loss caused by a particular situation or event.

Dark Net - A term for online private websites and networks concealed from and inaccessible to unauthorised users in which materials are shared, normally illegally and anonymously.

Dark Store - A retail store adapted or designed for the main or whole purpose of fulfilling online orders. Orders are then delivered to customers, or subject to the policy if the retailer may be collected. The word 'dark' in this context alludes to the notion of a store not requiring the bright environment and highly visible presence employee stock options spreadsheet that we normally associate with traditional retailing.

The word also alludes to the fact that much of the activity in dark stores can happen at night. This terminology and retailing strategy reflects a substantial fundamental shift in society, far beyond the logistics of shopping. Stockpair binary option in us the word fulfillment may instead be spelled fulfilment, although the former is more common.

I'm keen to clarify the precise origin of the 'dark store' term. If you know please contact me. Daughter Company - A company that is controlled partly or completely by a holding or parent company. Dawn Raid - A sudden planned purchase of a large number of a company's shares at the beginning of a days trading on the stock exchange.

Day Player - In the entertainment industry, actors, etc. Dead Cat Bounce - A derogatory term used on the stock exchange to describe a huge decline in the value of a stock, usually a share, which is immediately followed by a temporary rise in price before continuing to fall.

Dear Money - Also known accounting systems for small businesses Tight Money. When money is difficult to borrow, and if a loan is secured then it would be paid back at a very high rate of interest.

Debenture - Unsecured certified loan over a long period of time with a fixed rate, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

Debriefing - A meeting or interview in which a person or group of people report about a task or mission just completed or attempted. Debt - Money owed to another person or organisation, such as a loan, mortgage, etc. Debt-Equity Swap - An arrangement between a lender and a debtor, usually a company, in which the lender agrees to reduce the debt in exchange for newly issued shares from the borrower. Debt Exposure - Money that a lender risks losing if the borrower fails to pay it back.

Purse money for the players championship - In employment this refers specifically to action taken by workers to disassociate themselves from a trade union which previously represented them. Aside from this the general meaning refers to withdrawal of certification of one sort or another.

Decision Consequence Analysis - A process for helping decision makers, usually in the pharmaceutical and petroleum exploration industries, decide where resources such as time, money, etc. Decision Tree - A diagram which starts with an initial decision, and possible strategies and actions are represented by branches which lead to the forex broker slogan outcome decided upon.

Deed Of Partnership - A legal document which sets out how a partnership is to be run, and also the rights of the work from home rpg programmer. A Deed Of Partnership forex equilibrium not compulsory but it helps to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes in the future.

Deep Throat - In business, an anonymous source of top secret information. First used in this sense in the reporting of the US Watergate scandal. Deep Web - Also known as the Invisible Web, said to contain about times more information than the generally accessible world-wide web, the Deep Web comprises data held by secure organizations, for example military and government.

De Facto - Latin - Existing in reality or fact, with or without legal right. Defence Document - A document that a company's shareholders receive which explains why an offer to buy the company should be rejected. Deficit Financing - When a government borrows money because of a shortage of funds from taxes. This usually results in pushing up interest rates. Deflation is broadly the opposite of inflation.

Delegation - An assignment of responsibility or task, usually by a manager to a subordinate. Separately a delegation refers to a deputation, being a group of people appointed or responsible for representing a nation or corporation or other organization to attend talsk or negotiations, etc. Deleveraging - An attempt by a company to reduce its debts, for example by selling off assets, laying off staff, etc.

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Demerit Goods - Products or services such as as alcohol, gambling, drugs, prostitution, etc. Democracy - Majority rule, by which the biggest proportion of members of a group determine decisions for the whole group.

Democracy typically refers to a country's political system, in which government is elected through majority vote. Demographic Profile - Used in marketing to describe a particular segment of the population, for example social class, age, online forex trading notes, income, etc.

Demographic Segmentation - The process of identifying and dividing consumers into groups according to their race, age, call of duty 4 low graphics settings, religion, etc.

Demonetize - To officially decide that a particular coin or banknote can no longer be used as currency. Deposition - A sworn statement of evidence by a witness taken outside of the court proceedings before a trial.

Depression - A prolonged and very deep economic recessionin a country or wider region. Definitions of an economic depression vary greatly, from two to ten years or more, characterized by extremely deep levels of negative indicators such as unemployment, credit and money supply, living standards, and reduced GDP, etc. Historians and economic commentators commonly disagree about the duration of depressions due to the confused methods of defining precisely what a depression is.

Deregulate - The reduction or removal of government regulations from an industry or business. Derived Demand - Demand for a service or goods which is created by the demand for another service or goods, such as the demand for steel to make cars. Desk Jockey - An informal term for someone who spends their working day sitting behind a desk, and who is concerned about administration. Desktop Publishing - Producing printed documents, magazines, books, etc. Didactic - Describes works of literature or art which are intended to be be informative or instructional, especially morally, rather than entertaining.

From the ancient Greek word didaskein, which means to teach. Digerati - People who consider themselves to be experts of the Internet and computer industry.

Digital Wallet - Computer software used to store a persons bank account details, name, address, etc. Direct Marketing - The when do i earn farmville cash quickly of products, services, etc.

Director binary options strategy is to short term signals A person appointed to oversee and run a company or organisation along with other directors, In the entertainment industry, the binary option brokers trading programs that accept paypal who directs the making of a film, TV program, etc.

Directives - At an official level, directives are instructions, guidelines or orders issued by a governing or regulatory body. They may amount to law. In a less formal way a directive equates to an instruction issued by an executive or manager or organizational department. Direct Overhead - A portion of the overheads, e. Dirty Money - Money made from illegal activities which needs 'laundering' so that it appears to be legitimate. Disability Discrimination Act - An Act of Parliament passed in Britain in which promotes the civil rights of disabled people and protects them from discrimination in employment, education, renting property, access to transport, etc.

Disburse - To pay out money from a large fund, e. Discount Loan - A loan on which the finance charges and interest is paid before the borrower receives the money. Discount Is maverick money makers realty - In the US, when banks can borrow money from the Federal Reserve at low interest rates. Discretionary Income - The amount of income a person is left with after taxes and living essentials, such as food, housing, etc.

Discriminating Duty - A variable tax levied on goods depending from which country they were imported. Dispatch Note - Also called Dispatch Advice. A document giving details of goods which have been dispatched or are ready to be dispatched to a customer.

Distributable Advantages of binary options handelen - A company's profits which are available for distribution among shareholders at the end of an accounting period.

Distributer - An individual or company who buys products, usually from manufacturers, and resells them to retail outlets or direct to customers. In other words this is the supply of branded products through unautorized stockists or retailers or other suppliers, notably via the web.

Diversion does not refer to pirated or counterfeit or 'fake' goods. Diversion refers to official goods being sold through unofficial channels.

Also called a 'grey market'. The term diversification london stock exchange currency converter not generally used in referring to the development of new greographical markets. Diversification may make use of an existing brandname Virgin is a good example of thisor new brandnames, and may entail various business structures, including acquistion.

Much simpler examples of diversification are: Diversification strategies, especially of large scale, typically involve considerable risk and investment because by implication the organization is seeking to become successful in a new unfamiliar field.

The use of the term diversity assumes that an equal non-discriminatory approach to employment produces positive effects, for staff, working environment, society, etc. The term derives originally from a more literal meaning of taking power of rights from someone or a body - from the original French desvestir, meaining literally removal of a person's vest or garment.

Dividend - A portion of profits paid by a company to its shareholders. For larger corporations, especially big public corporations providing essential services such as utilities, transport, communications, etc.

Within modern free market economics, shareholder dividends are a major and neglected aspect of the psychological contract. Docking Station - A device to which a notebook computer or a laptop can be connected so it can serve as a desktop computer. Document Sharing - Used in video-conferencing.

A system which allows people in different places to view and edit the same document at the same time on their computers. Dog - An informal slang term for an investment which has shown a poor performance.

The slang term dog may also refer to other poor-performing elements within a business, for example a product or service within a company range, as in the widely used 'Boston Matrix'. Dollar-Cost Averaging - Known in the UK as Pound-Cost Averaging.

The practice of investing a fixed amount of money at fixed times in particular shares, whatever their stock exchange trade stocks market glossary solicited order. A higher share price means less shares are purchased how much money do offshore oil rig workers make a lower share price means more shares can be purchased.

Dolly - In the entertainment industry, a piece of equipment on wheels which allows the binary option brokers london 350z to move smoothly for long walking shots. Double - In the film and TV industry, a person who stands in, or is substituted, for a principal actor. Double-Blind - A method of testing a new product, usually medicine, in which neither the people trying the product nor those administering the treatment know who is testing the real product and who has been given a placebo containing none of the product.

Double-dip Recession - A recession during which there is a brief period of economic growth, followed by a slide back into recession, before final recovery.

Also called a W-shaped recession. Double-dipping - The practice, usually regarded as unethical, of receiving two incomes or benefits from the same source, for example receiving a pension servizio sul forex iene consultancy income from the same employer. Double-Entry Bookkeeping - An accounting method which results in balanced ledgers, i. Double Indemnity - A clause in a life insurance policy where the insurance company agrees to pay double the face value of the policy forex cup young xtb the event of accidental death.

Doula - A birthing or labour coach, from the greek word doule, meaning female slave. Drayage - The fee charged for, or the process of, transporting goods by lorry or truck. Drip Advertising - An advertising campaign in small amounts over a long period of time to ensure that the surefire forex hedging strategy ea free download is continually aware of a product or service.

Drum-Buffer-Rope - A method, usually in manufacturing, which ensures an efficient flow of work in a production process by taking into consideration any possible delays or problems which may occur. Duopoly - Two companies, or a situation, in which both companies control a particular industry.

Dutch Auction - A type of auction which opens with a high asking price which is then lowered until someone accepts the auctioneers price, or until the sellers reserve price has been reached.

The opposite or inverse of a dysphemism is euphemism. Both are widely used in press and public relations communications. Extreme examples are unethical at best, and criminally dishonest at worst. Dystopia - The opposite of Utopia, a society in which conditions are characterised by human misery, depirvation, squalor, disease, etc.

The term is said to have been coined by by John Stuart Mill in in a UK House of Commons speech criticizing the government's Irish land policy.

Earnest Money - Money paid in good faith as a deposit, usually for a property, to show that the buyer is serious about doing business with the vendor. Earn-Out - An arrangement in which an extra future conditional payment is made to the seller of a business in addition to the original price, based upon certain criteria being met. Easterlin Paradox - A theory that beyond satisfaction of basic needs, increasing wealth of a country does not produce increasing happiness, suggested by US professor of economics Richard Easterlin based on his research published in Easy Monetary Policy - A policy which enables the public to borrow money easily, at low interest rates, in order to expand the economy by investing the money in wash and rinse stock market activities.

E-Business - Electronic Business. Using the internet to conduct business or enable businesses to link together. E-Commerce - Electronic Commerce. The buying and selling of products and services over the Internet.

Economic Growth - An increase in a region's or nation's production of goods and services. Economic Life - The period of time during which an asset, e. Economic Union - Also known as a Common Market. An agreement between a group of countries which allows the free flow of goods, services, labour, etc.

Economies Free forex compounding calculator Scale - In manufacturing, the more units being made the cheaper each unit costs to produce. Economy - The management of money, currency and trade of a nation.

The efficient management of resources. Ecotourism - Nature based travel to unspoilt places in the world with a view to conservation and to bring economic benefit to the local people. Also known as Ecological Tourism. E-Currency - Electronic currency. Used on the Internet for making and receiving payments. Companies which provide this service include Paypal and E-Gold. Edutainment - Products or media which both educate and entertain at the same time, such as TV, books, computer software.

Egalitarian - Believing that everyone is equal and should all have the same rights and opportunities in life. E-Lance - Freelance working using the Internet to sell services or goods anywhere in the world. Elasticity Of Demand - The measure of whether people require more or less of a product or service after a price change.

Electronic Cottage - A home which has the how does newgrounds make money electronic equipment, such as telephone, computer, etc. Forex tutorial pdf in hindi Data Exchange - A means of exchanging documents between businesses using electronic equipment such as computers.

Electronic Purse - A type of microchipped smartcard which stores small amounts of money to enable payment for purchases, especially on the Internet, instead of having to use cash. Embezzlement - Dishonestly appropriate goods or money from one's employer for personal gain; steal from one's employer, typically by electronic administrative methods, thus abusing a position of trust or responsibility. Emolument - Total wages, benefits or compensation paid to someone for the job they do or the office they hold.

Emoticon - Used in e-mails, internet chat rooms and text messages, symbols which represent facial expressions, e. Emotional Capital - Emotional experiences, values and beliefs of a company's employees that make good working relationships and a successful business. Low emotional capital can result in conflict between employees, low morale and poor how to win binary options relations.

Emotional Intelligence - The ability or skill of a person to understand and control their prediction by bejan on stock market, and to understand and assess and respond appropriately to the feelings and situations of others.

Commonly abbreviated to EQ Emotional Quotient, alluding to the concept of IQ - Intelligence QuotientEmotional Intelligence theory seeks to enable a sophisticated practical appreciation and application of the concept of intelligence, especially in work, management, leadership and human relationships. Empirical - Information derived from experience, observation or experiment rather than from theory or subjective opinion. From Greek - empeiros, meaning skilled - in turn from peira, meaning trial or experiment.

Employee - An individual who is hired and paid by another person, company, organisation, etc. Employee Buyout - A transaction in which employees purchase all or most of a company's shares, thereby gaining control of the company.

Employee Ownership - A business model and constitutional framework in which staff hold significant or majority shares of a company, thereby ensuring higher levels of loyalty and commitment, and fairness in the way that business performance relates to employee reward. The John Lewis Partnership is one of the prime and most successful examples of the concept.

Employee Self Service - An Internet based system which enables an employee to access their personal records and payroll details, so they can change their own bank account details, contact details, etc. Employer - A aftermarket stock for remington 700 vtr, business, organisation, etc.

Employment Equity - Promotes equal employment opportunities for everyone, regardless of gender, race, ability, etc.

Employment Law - Also known as Labour Law. The branch of the law that deals with the legal rights of employees, e. Encrypt - Convert data into code which cannot be easily understood by people who have no authorisation to view it.

End Marker - Used at the end of a take in a how to earn money by sms, TV program or audition to cover a mistake or to remind people who the person auditioning was during auditions. Enterprise - A company or business. Enterprise Application Integration - Software technology that links computer programs, data live forex currency rates software, etc.

Entrepreneur - An ambitious person who starts new business ventures in order to big w plumpton boxing day trading hours a lot of money, often taking financial risks. Environmental Impact Assessment - The effect that a proposed project, such as a new building or development, will have on the environment.

Environmentalist - An individual who is concerned about the protection, conservation and improvement of the natural environment. Fantasy stock trading contest example, a story written about a man called John, which is called 'John' or 'John's Adventures', or 'A Story of John', etc.

Many eponymous names have become very well-known and entered language to the extent that the origins of the word are not widely appreciated, or largely forgotten altogether.

Many have become genericized tradenames. There are thousands of famous eponyms eponymous names in business and life in general. Here are a few varied examples, starting with some very big examples of words which have acquired genericized descriptive meanings far beyond their original eponyms:.

E-Procurement - Electronic procurement. Businesses using the internet to purchase from, or sell goods and services to, other businesses. Equal Pay Act - In Britain, a government Act of which gives women the right to earn the same money and to receive the same benefits as men for performing the same job.

Equilibrium Price - The price at which the demand of a particular product or service is equal to the quantity supplied. Equity Accounting - When a company records, in its financial records, profits which can be claimed from an affiliated company which they part own.

Escape Clause - A condition in a contract which allows the contract to be broken in particular circumstances. Advertising and other communications intended for the general public should not be esoteric, although much of this sort of language is highly esoteric, for example instruction manuals for technical products, and most corporate terms and conditions - usually because these materials are written by specialists who are unable to translate complex terminology into everyday recognizable language.

Professional communicators such as advertisers, trainers, leaders, writers of manuals and instructions, etc. This relates strongly to the concept of accessibility. The words are respectively from Greek esotero, within, and exotero, outer. The less commonly used noun forms of the words are esoterica and exoterica, i. Ethernet - Technology, invented by The Xerox Corporation, which connects computers in a local area network LAN. Ethics - Offering a definition for 'ethics' is not easy, just as it is not easy to define 'love' or 'justice' or fairness'.

Ethics is a challenging concept to define because interpretations depend on philosophical perspective, and one's particular situation in the world. Therefore definitions of ethics tend to be rather vague and open, and tend to include and depend on words which have varying interpretations too, such as morality, and justice, duty, etc. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ethics as: Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour US behavioror the conducting of an activity.

The branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles Secondly, b This concept of ethics, advanced notably by Kant, puts duty central to ethical behaviour, so that people from their knowledge of their duty as being rational human beings, obey a categorical imperative to respect other rational human beings.

Thirdly, c 'Utilitarianism' asserts that the guiding principle of Ethical conduct should be the greatest happiness or benefit of the greatest number of people which is often referred to as 'the greater good' Each one of the above definitions contains at least one subjective reference point by which to determine whether something is ethical or not.

Moreover, most major industries and societal organizations, have established their own ethical codes, which to varying degrees around the world - for example religion, medicine, corporate governance and banking, education, international finance, armaments, climate change, resources and food, national and local government, charity and the arts - commonly conflict with and contradict each other, often to an alarmingly different and confusing extent. Mostly in our lives, fortunately, ethics are common sense, because mostly people understand what is right and wrong.

Right and wrong is basically at the heart of ethics, but of course when people are in conflict, one person's right may be another person's wrong, and 'right' and 'wrong' are themselves just as difficult to define scientifically. Big ethical questions of the modern age - that illustrate this challenge include subjects such: In my humble opinion againbeing very pragmatic about the future of the human race, then it is difficult to argue against the notion that the 'greater good' is ultimately the most significant and useful modern definition of ethics, subject to again in my humble opinion that 'greater good' decision-making critically includes necessary addititional considerations such as love, care, humanity, compassion, creativity, inclusiveness, transparency, research and testing, and any other relevant positive helpful aspects of relationships and communications, and implementation and follow-up.

I'm open to better or extended definitions of ethics, and I thank Patrick for suggesting that this definition be included on this website. Ethics Committee - In medicine, an independent body which is appointed to examine and consider the rights and safety of people taking part in clinical trials. Ethnic Monitoring - Recording and evaluating the racial origins of employees in a company to ensure that all races are represented fairly.

Euphemisms are used widely and very wrongly by politicians and business people attempting to avoid responsibility and personal acknowledgment of mistakes, bad decisions and unjustifiable actions, etc.

Euphemisms in such situations are part of 'spin', or spinning a story. Euroland - Also known as the Eurozone. All the countries in the EU European Union that use the Euro as currency.

European Union - EU. Previously called the European Community. An international, economical and political organisation which brought the nations of Europe together so that people, goods, money, services, etc. Exchange Rate - Also known as Foreign Exchange Rate. The rate, which can vary from day to day, at which a country's currency can be exchanged for another country's currency. Exchange Rate Exposure - When a business risks losing money because of the need to change one currency for another of lower value.

Execution Risk - The risk that a company's plans, or a project, will fail because of changes being made, e. Executive Director - Also called Internal Director. A person who usually works as a full-time senior employee for a company, and is responsible for the day to day running of the business, and is often a member of the company's board of directors. Ex Gratia - Something given or carried out as a favour or gift, rather than as a legal duty.

Exit Strategy - Also called Harvest Strategy. A plan by an investor to dispose of an investment, such as shares in a company, to make a profit, or a business owner to dispose of their company, e.

Ex Officio - Someone who has a right to be included because of their job or position, e. Latin - by virtue of office or position. Experience Curve - In business, when costs fall and production increases as a result of increase in workers skills and lower material costs. Expectancy Theory - A theory of motivation developed by Canadian Victor Vroom, Yale professor of management and psychology, established in his book, Work and Motivation, which essentially states that motivation necessarily comprises and is determined by three elements of belief:.

Expert System - A computer software system which can provide expert knowledge for a specific problem when users ask a series of questions. Export Credit - A loan taken out by an importer with a bank in an exporters country, so that the importer can buy foreign goods and pay for them at a later date. Export Factoring - A facility offered by banks to exporters. The bank is responsible for collecting payments for exported goods, so that the exporter can borrow money from the bank before the goods have been paid for by the customers.

Ex Stock - Goods which are available for immediate delivery because the supplier has them in stock. Extension Strategy - A marketing strategy to stop a product going into decline by making small changes to it, reaching new customers or finding new uses for it, e.

External Competitiveness - Being able to sell goods and services to customers in foreign countries at a competitive price.

External Debt - Also known as Foreign Debt. Money that is owed by the government, organisations or individuals to creditors in other countries. External Equity - A situation in which an organisation's employees receive similar pay for the same type of work as employees in other organisations, i. Extranet - A private computer network to which a company's customers and suppliers can link and communicate using the Internet.

Extrapolation - The estimation or determination of what will happen in the future by extending extrapolating known information or data. The verb usage 'extrapolate' is common and means using mathematics or other logical process to extend a proven trend or set of data.

It's a way of predicting something by assuming a historical pattern will continue into the future. Ex Works - Goods which are delivered to the purchaser at the plant or place where they are manufactured.

The purchaser then pays for transporting and insuring the goods from that point. Eyeballs - Advertising term. A name given to the number of people who visit a website advertisement, which can be counted by the number of click-throughs.

E-Zine - An electronic magazine which is published on the internet, or delivered by e-mail. Factory Floor - The area of a factory where the goods are made. Also the collective name of the ordinary workers in a factory, rather than management.

Factory Price - The price charged for goods direct from the factory, not including transport costs, etc. Factory Price is often quoted by retailers or in advertisements to show that products are for sale at a very low price. Fairy Dust - A term often used in the entertainment business. The final enhancement or touch on a project. The unknown factor which turns something great into something fantastic. Fallen Angel - Term used in finance to describe bonds which once had a good investment value, but have now dropped in value to a much lower rating.

False Accounting - A criminal offence. Giving false information in, or destroying, a company's accounts, usually for personal gain. False Bottom - On the stock market, selling prices which seem to have already hit their lowest level because of a subsequent price rise then fall through a false bottom because the price falls even lower.

Fast Moving Consumer Goods FMCG - Products and the related industry which are sold in big volumes by big retailers at low profit margins, at keen prices, to domestic consumers - traditionally foods and groceries, household consumables, etc.

See FMCG in the acronyms section. Fast Track - Quick route in a career to success and promotion, associated with high ambition.

Fat Cat - A wealthy person living off investments or dividends, or a chief executive of a large company or organisation who is on a very large salary, huge pension, etc. Fault Tolerance - Enables a system, especially in computing, to continue to operate properly even though a component in the system has failed. Feasibility Study - A preliminary assessment of a new project, including costs, risks, etc.

Feather-Bedding - A term often used in industry describing the practice of hiring more workers than is necessary to carry out a job, often because of a contract with a union. Federation - An organisation which has been formed by the joining together of a group of companies, clubs, etc. From Latin 'fiat', 'it shall be'. Fidelity Bond - Also known as Fidelity Insurance.

Protects an employer against any losses incurred because of dishonesty, or damage caused, by an employee. Fiduciary - Describes an organisation or individual who manages money or property for a beneficiary. Figurehead - In business, organizations, politics, etc. Derived from the carved painted figurehead models which traditionally were fixed to the front of sailing ships.

Filibuster - To delay or obstruct legislation by giving long speeches in a parliamentary debating process, so as to 'talk out a bill', i.

The noun filibuster refers to a person who does this, or to the act of filibustering, which is commonly done by more than one person acting together. There are occasional cases of lone filibusters standing and talking for several hours without a break. Filibustering may be used for purposes that have lots of popular support, or virtually no popular support.

The term entered US politics from American-Spanish but ultimately is from Dutch vrijbuiter, pirate. Fill or kill - Also FOK, on the stock exchange, an instruction received by a broker from a client to buy or sell specified shares immediately or not at all.

Filofax - A personal organiser and the name of the company which makes itwhich was very popular in the s, with pages which can be easily removed or added. This product was associated with 'Yuppies'. Finance - To provide or obtain funds for a business, commercial project, an individual, etc. The management of money. To sell or provide goods on credit. Financial Engineering - The practice of solving financial problems or creating financial opportunities in a company, by changing the way money is borrowed, debts paid, etc.

Financial Equity - The ownership of interest in a company, usually in the form of shares. Finite Capacity Scheduling - A process in which a computer program organises tasks, matching the resources available to the most efficient way of production. Firewall - A system in a computer which prevents unwanted or unauthorised access, but allows the authorised user to receive information. Firmware - Describes the fixed programs, which cannot be lost or changed, in electronic devices such as digital cameras, calculators, remote controls, etc.

First Mover - A business that gains an advantage by being the first to establish itself in a specific market by producing a new product or offering a new service, or by being the first to use new technology. Fiscal Drag - A situation in which wages rise because of inflation but income tax thresholds are not increased, which can push people into higher tax brackets and therefore makes them pay an increased proportion of their wages in tax.

Fiscal Policy - A government policy to regulate a nation's annual economic activity by setting tax levels and determining government expenditure. Five Nines - Refers to the Fixed Assets - Assets, such as property, equipment, furniture, vehicles, etc. Fixed Costs - Costs, or overheadswhich are incurred by a business whether or not it is operating or generating income, such as wages, rent, insurance, utilities for example electricity, gas, wateretc.

Fixed Parity - In foreign exchange, when the currency of one country is equal in value to the currency of another country.

Fixed Term Contract - Also known as Temporary Contract. A contract of employment which ends on a specific date, or on completion of a task or project. Fixed term employees have the rights to the same pay, conditions and benefits as full-time employees. Fixer - A person who makes arrangements for someone else, usually for a fee, by using their influence and often underhand, illegal methods. Flame - To send a rude or unacceptable message by e-mail, or to post a message on an Internet forum which is offensive or inciteful.

Flash Drive - A small portable device such as a 'pen drive' which connects to a USB port on a computer and is used to store data which can then be transferred to another computer. The term flash drive derives from 'flash' memory, invented by Dr Fujio Masuoka of Toshiba around The name flash apparently, according to Wikipedia, was suggested by Masuoka's colleague, Shoji Ariizumi, who likened the memory erasure function to a camera flash.

Flash Mob - A secretly-planned usually via modern computerised social networking technologyquickly-formed, organized group of people, assembled to engage in a quirky activity, typically for the amusement and entertainment of the participants.

The expression is not new. It originated in the s US underworld when it referred to a gang of thieves or confidence tricksters. The word flash has been used in various criminal contexts since the s and in the original s phrase flash mob, flash literally meant criminal.

The modern use of the flash mob expression naturally fits the notion of flash photography, a fast or fleeting appearance, a 'flash of inspiration', and especially the recent understanding of flash in relation to quick technology such as flash memory and flash drives. Flats - In the entertainment industry, these are painted canvas sheets fixed onto wooden frames used on film sets, etc.

Flexecutive - A manager who works flexible hours, often from home using the Internet. A multi-skilled executive who can change tasks or jobs with ease. Flexitime - A work system in which employees work a set number of hours each week or month, but they decide when they are going to start and finish each day, usually between a range of given working hours. Flight Capital - The movement of large sums of money from one of investment to another, or from one country to another, to avoid high taxes or financial instability due to political unrest.

Flighting - A cost effective method of advertising. A commercial is scheduled to appear on TV, usually when viewing figures are high flight. There are periods in between the flights when the commercial does not appear on TV hiatus.

During the TV hiatus the product being advertised will often appear in newspapers or magazines, so the public is continually aware of it. Floor Limit - In retailing, the highest amount of money for a sale for which a debit or credit card can be used by a customer without authorisation from the customer's bank. Floor Trader - Also known as a Local.

An investor who is allowed on the trading floor of a stock exchange, to buy and sell shares, etc. Flotation - The process of financing a company by selling shares on the stock exchange for the first time. Flyback - Also known as a Callback. A series of screening interviews for a job during which a person, usually a student, is interviewed several times, often on the same same day, by the prospective employer. Flynn Effect - Research showing that the results of IQ Intelligence Quotient tests in various countries i.

Focus List - A list of companies, recommended by an investment firm, whose shares are worth buying or selling. Footer - In a report or document, a line or block of text that appears at the bottom of every page which is printed from a computer. Footfall is a crucial factor in retailing methods, and also in promotion and advertising which focuses on the physical presence - on foot - of consumers at a particular location. Force Field Analysis - A technique developed by Kurt Lewin to support positive factors and decrease negative factors, as the result of a change in an organisation.

Force Majeure - A clause in a contract which exempts the contracting party e. The term force majeure is French, meaning loosely 'superior strength'. Forex - Also called FX, refers to Foreign Exchange, in which foreign currencies are bought and sold. Fortune - Published by Fortune magazine, an annual list of the US corporations with the largest revenue.

Forwarding company - Also called a 'freight forwarder', a company specialising in transfer of freight from businesses or individuals by finding an appropriate transporter of the goods. Forward Integration - A business strategy whereby a company takes control of its distributors, therefore guaranteeing the distribution of the controlling company's products. Four-Colour Process - In printing, the use of four ink colours - yellow, magenta, cyan and black - which are combined together to produce the whole spectrum of colours.

Fractional Ownership - An arrangement where a number of people or companies each buy a percentage of an expensive asset, such as a property. The individual owners then share the asset, and when it is sold the profits are distributed back to the owners. A franchise for a whole country is typically called a master franchise, and typically may include rights to operate as a sub-franchisor responsible for developing and managing a franchise network.

The term derives from the term franc, Old French for free, which was adopted into English corporate law in the late middle-ages to signify a grant of legal immunity, which in turn grew in legal application and technical meaning to become franchising, whereby a franchisor grants licence to a franchisee to make use of its business methods, products, brands, technologies, innovation, purchasing power, marketing, etc. Some extremely well-known large corporations have grown using the franchise model, for example, Mcdonald's, Subway, Avis, and Hilton Hotels.

Most franchises emerge at the beginning of their respective product life-cyclewhen innovation and novelty is significant, and barriers to market entry are challenging. As such, many entrepreneurs decide that franchising offers an appealing option compared to starting up a business completely independently from nothing. When innovation and novelty has declined in major established franchise organizations, market appeal and position is subsequently maintained by exploiting strengths of brand smarketing, and financial strength.

Free Collective Bargaining - A situation in which workers and union members meet with employers to discuss working conditions, pay, etc. Freeconomics - A situation in which companies provide certain goods and services for free, and those businesses who don't follow suit are likely to fail. Freedom Of Association - The right of individuals to join together to form, or join an existing, group or organisation, including a union.

Free Enterprise - An economic system in which private businesses have the freedom to compete with each other for profit, with minimal interference from the government. Free Market - A market in which prices of goods and services are affected by supply and demand, rather than government regulation. Free On Board - Maritime trade term. The supplier delivers the goods to a ship at a specified port. The supplier then pays the shipping costs after obtaining official clearance. Once they have been put on board, the buyer is then responsible for the goods.

Free Port - A port where goods can be brought and stored temporarily, without custom duties having to be paid, before being shipped to another country.

Freepost - A UK postal system, usually used in business, in which the recipient business pays the postage on mail, rather than the sender or customer. Free Rider - A person or organisation that enjoys benefits and services provided by others, and doesn't pay their fair share of the costs. Freeware - Computer software that is copyrighted by the author and offered, usually on the Internet, free of charge.

Free Zone - An area in a country where importers can store foreign goods, prior to further transportation, without having to pay customs duties or taxes on them. Frictional Unemployment - Unemployment of people who are temporarily between jobs, changing careers, changing location, etc. Fringe Benefit - A benefit given to employees in addition to their salary, such as a company car, pension scheme, paid holidays, etc. Front-End Load - A fee charged for an investment, for example an insurance policy, limited partnership, mutual fund, etc.

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The fee is made with the initial payment, and subsequent payments are therefore lower. FTSE - An abbreviation of the Financial Times Stock Exchange Indexcommonly referred to verbally as 'footsie'. There are various FTSE indices indexesincluding most notably the FTSEwhich is the index of the top shares on the London Stock Exchange, whose movement is regarded as an important indicator of national and wider economic health and buoyancy.

For Pareto enthusiasts the ' Rule' that's 3. When economic commentators say the " The 'footsie' is owned and operated by FTSE Group, which is basically a provider of economic information and data services, especially about stock and commodity exchanges.

It is not likely that the 'Financial Times' origins of the FTSE abbreviation will be strongly acknowledged in future, given its change of ownership. Fulfilment is generally considered to happen after the order is placed and usually payment is made, completing on confirmation of safe and correct delivery to the customer.

Fulfilment may be an internal activity of the selling organization, or may instead be contracted to an external provider of fulfilment services. Full-Time Contract - FT.

A permanent or ongoing contract of employment in which the employee works at least the standard number of hours in a working week, usually Fungible - Describes goods or commodities which can be exchanged for something of the same kind, of equal value and quality. Gaffer - In the entertainment industry, a member of a film crew who handles the lighting equipment. A 'gagging clause' is commonly instead and euphemistically called a 'compromise agreement' by employers keen to obscure their operational failings and the shame of using such an instrument.

Gagging Order - A legal order issued by a court to prevent the public reporting of a court case. Gainsharing - Also called profit sharing. An incentive system which enables employees to have a share in a company's profits.

Gamekeepers and Poachers 'gamekeeper turned poacher' - A metaphor referring to employees who are respectively supportive or destructive towards their employing organization, and especially to those who become disaffected and negative due to poor treatment, and convert from being a supportive positive loyal hard-working member of staff 'gamekeeper' to being obstructive, resistant, non-cooperative, argumentative, etc.

Game Theory - Sometimes called Games Theory, this is a potentially highly complex branch of mathematics increasingly found in business which uses the analysis of competing strategies of for example market participants and their effects opon each other to predict and optimise outcomes and results. Relates strongly to cause and effect and chaos theory.

Game Theory may also arise in military strategy. Gantt Chart - Developed by Henry Gantt in A type of bar chart which illustrates the scheduled and completed work of a project. It shows start and finish dates, compares work planned to work done and tracks specific tasks. Gap Analysis - Enables a company to assess the gap between its actual performance and its potential performance, by comparing what skills, products, etc. Garden Leave - Also called Gardening Leave.

Term used when an employee's contract has been terminated but they are instructed by the company to stay away from work, on full pay, during their notice period. Often to prevent them from working for competitors during that time. Garnish - To take part of someone's wages, by law, to pay their debts, e. Microsoft could be described as a gatekeeper to the computer industry. Google could be described as a gatekeeper to the internet industry. Gazump - In selling and buying property, a term used to describe when a purchaser has an offer accepted by the vendor but is then gazumped because someone else makes the vendor a higher offer which the vendor then accepts instead of the first person's offer.

GDP - Acronym for Gross Domestic Product, a significant measure of economic performance. GDP per capita per head is generally considered an indicator of national standard of living. Geek Speak - Technical language often used by computer experts which doesn't make sense to non-technical people.

General Creditor - A person or company that lends unsecured money, so that the creditor is unlikely to recover much of the loan if the debtor goes bankrupt or does not pay it back. Generation X - A term used for people born during the s and s, who are often described as disaffected and irresponsible.

Corporations whose trademarks develop in this way try to reduce the commercial threat to the protectable status and asset value of the brandname as intellectual property typically by legal action against anyone exploiting or misusing the name, especially competitors.

Quite separately the effect of genericized trademarks demonstrates the power of big brands to enter public consciousness at a generic and fundamental level of language and culture.

Some people argue that a genericized trademark is by definition one that has lost its official protected 'trademark' status. The counter-argument is that in such circumstances the term 'genericized trademark' is contradictory, as it would no longer be a trademark.

Whatever, here is a list of trademarks which may be current, expired, or legally overturned that can reasonably be considered genericized to a lesser or greater degreei. Gerontocracy - A government or political system which is ruled by old men elders. Get All Your Ducks In A Row - A term for getting organised, having everything in order and making sure all the small details are accounted for before embarking on a new project. Get Go - From the start, the earliest stage of something.

Used in the phrase 'From the get go. Gift Tax - A tax payable on gifts over a certain annual value made during the lifetime of the giver. Giro - A system, used in some countries, of transferring money from one bank or post office account into another using a central computer.

Giveback - An agreement in which employees accept a wage reduction or fewer benefits as a gesture of goodwill, usually because of an economic downturn. The employees are often offered wage rises and new benefits at a later date. Glamour Stock - A company's shares, which are very popular with investors, because they have performed well on the stock exchange. Glamping - A portmanteau word meaning 'glamorous camping', for example staying in a posh serviced yurt a large Mongolian-style nomadic tent and eating luxury hamper foods.

Glass Ceiling - An invisible barrier in the workplace which prevents women and minority groups from advancing to positions of leadership in a company, although some do manage to 'break through' the glass ceiling. Glass Wall - An imaginary barrier in the workplace which prevents women and minority groups from being employed in other sectors of business or industry. Glitterati - Combination of Glitter and Literati. Glamorous, rich, famous people, often connected to show business.

Globalisation - The process of integrating nations, economically and socially, through free trade, international business activities, technology for example the Internetetc. Global Village - A term used to describe the whole world as a single community, connected by electronic communication systems, such as the Internet.

Glocalisation - Global Localisation. A term used when an international company adapts its manufacturing methods, products or services to suit local conditions. Gobbledegook - or Gobbledygook or Gobbledegoo - Incomprehensible jargon. Official language, spoken or printed or online, which is intended to explain or justify or inform or clarify or instruct, but which actually confuses people instead, because it is phrased in a stupid or unnecessarily complex way.

Alternatively called 'Officialese', or 'Bureaucratese', gobbledegook is common in marketing, product instructions especially for electronic productscontracts, training manuals, official communications, and certainly in politics, and local government. Here below is a short example in which a UK tax form SA attempts to instruct users how to complete a section requiring a profit figure. See also Plain Languageand gobbledygoo origins.

Gofer - From 'Go for'. An employee who runs errands, as well as doing their normal job, usually in an office or on a film set. Golden Formula - In the UK, a term used to describe industrial action, or strikes, which are legal, i.

Golden Handcuffs - Financial incentives or benefits given to a valued employee to ensure that they continue working for a company, and to discourage them from wanting to leave to work for another company.

Golden Handshake - Usually offered to high-ranking executives in a large company. Gold Reserve - The amount of gold bullion or gold coins held by a country's central bank to support its currency and provide security for its international debts.

Goodwill - The difference or premium which a purchaser pays, or which a seller asks, for a business or company compared to the 'book value' of its assets, typically representing intangibles such as brand value, intellectual property, talent, market relationships, etc. Over-estimating goodwill value, sometimes to an extraordinarily stupid degree, is a surprisingly common downfall of many big corporate takeover deals, when arrogance and blindness to market trends of the acquiring CEO and takeover team can lead to a reckless waste of shareholder funds and ruthless cost-cutting, post-acquisition, when performance, synergies and return on investment fail to reach required levels.

Googlewhack - Two proper words found in a dictionary which together produce just a single result from a normal Google search.

A googlewhack tends not to retain its status indefinitely, and sometimes only fleetingly, because due to the strange popularity of the effect, googlewhacks are likely to be published on the web when discovered, which immediately produces a second occurrence.

Aside from the study of language and statistics there is no earthly purpose for this phenomenon, which apparently was first described by Gary Stock in and who runs a website dedicated to the concept. Grace - A period of time given to a debtor to enable them to pay an overdue bill or loan, or extra time given in a contract for a piece of work to be finished. Grandfather Clause - A provision in a new law which allows the person or business already engaged in the activity, which may have been made illegal, to continue to be so engaged.

Graphology - The study of handwriting, often used as a way of analysing a person's character. Grass Roots - The ordinary people in a business or organisation, rather than the management or the decision-makers. Graveyard Market - A term used on the Stock Exchange to describe a Bear Market in which share owners are reluctant to sell because they face substantial losses, and buyers are reluctant to buy because the financial outlook is poor.

Those who are in it can't get out, and those who are on the outside have no desire to get in. Gravy Train - A business activity which makes a large profit for an individual or an organisation without much effort. To have it easy. Green Audit - Also called Environmental Audit. An official assessment which shows the effect that an organisation or a company has on the environment. Greenback - An informal term for US paper money, i. Green Card - In the US, a legal document which allows an immigrant to become a permanent resident, to work legally and to become eligible for citizenship.

Green Paper - A discussion document, typically written and circulated in governmental situations, aiming to start a discussion and the process of producing a white paper, so as to table new legislation. Green Taxes - Also called Ecotax. Taxes which are levied on companies, businesses, etc. Grey Knight - A third person, or company, who makes an unsolicited bid in a corporate takeover, and who takes advantage of any problems which arise between the first bidder White Knight and the company being acquired.

See also the main expression, Black Swan. Also called a parallel market or product diversion. These terms do not refer to counterfeit goods. The reference is to the unofficial, sometimes illegal, distribution and availability of official branded original goods. The term alludes to the older expression 'black market', and is used or analysed most commonly from the standpoint of manufacturers, who generally regard grey markets as threatening to their marketing distribution and pricing strategies.

The term grey market extends widely and includes notably the substantial availability of products which have been diverted from one international marketing territory to another. Grip - In the film and TV industry, a member of the film crew who makes sure that the lighting is right for a scene. They also move scenery and set up large pieces of equipment.

Gross Domestic Product - Commonly abbreviated to GDP, Gross Domestic Product is a very frequently used term in business and economics, and basically refers to a nation's total production at market values. GDP is however not easily explained or understood at a detailed and precise level. GDP may be calculated in different ways. Each method requires some qualification of precise definition, and then comprises quite complex formulae, mainly to ensure there is no double-counting, and no ommissions.

The main methods seem to be as follows, although each nation has its own rules, and various institutional bodies produce other rules and standards for calculations and definitions. Ordinary people can reasonably regard fully detailed definitions of GDP very confusing. Lots of experts do too. Here is a very simple guide: Simply, and firstly, GDP may be calculated by totalling the market sales values of all products and services.

GDP may instead be expressed as the combined total spending on products and services by consumers, industry and state. Each of these methods contains several and variable minor additional factors and caviats. Other methods exist as well, as if the basic two or three methods were not confusing enough.

Gross Profit Margin - Expressed as a percentage, what is left from a company's sales after cost of goods sold is paid out. Gross profit margin is obtained by dividing gross income by net sales. Guru - An influential teacher or an expert in a particular subject who shares their knowledge, often by writing books. Hacker - Nowadays the word hacker commmonly refers to a person who breaks into or 'hacks' into the secure computer systems of an organization, especially websites and online systems, using online connection, often just as a technical challenge, or potentially with intent to steal, destroy, vandalise information, websites, etc.

Originally however the terms hack and hacker referred to a person who enjoyed exploring and experimenting - perfectly legitimately and legally - with computer code and related computing systems, out of curiosity or for purposes of technical challenge and improvement, discovery, etc. This is an example of how language and meanings evolve over time, particularly when a term becomes distorted for dramatic effect by mass media.

Be aware in this case therefore, that some people - especially original 'old-school' hackers and computer code enthusiasts could be offended and unjustly maligned by the criminal implication of the common illicit hacking interpretation.

Incidentally among coding enthusiasts the original technical term for a criminal 'hacker' was a 'cracker'. Thanks to Vit Kavan, an 'old-school' hacker, for help in for clarifying this entry. Haggle - Negotiate with someone over the price of something until an agreeably mutual price is reached. Hall Test - A term used when a group of people are gathered together at a particular location and asked to take part in market research. Halo Effect - Where the image or reputation of a person or group or organization or brand or other entity is enhanced by influence from or association with the quality of another situation.

A halo effect typically refers to an unreliable indicator of good quality ethics, goodness, honesty, value, benevolence, etc but might rarely instead refer to an unreliable indicator of negative quality. Handbill - A small printed advertisement, usually on one sheet, often given out to people by hand. Hands-Free - Term used when a telephone can be used without having to be held in the hand.

Hands-Off - A term often applied to managers who do not directly participate when dealing with a situation in the workplace by letting the people involved decide what they want to do. Hard Selling - An aggressive type of selling which puts a lot of pressure on a prospective customer to buy a product or a service. Harvesting - A term used when a product is still being sold, although it is no longer being invested in, prior to being withdrawn from the market.

Hawthorne Effect - Specifically the inclination of a group of workers to change their behaviour positively because they were being studied, irrespective of whether they were subjected to 'positive' or 'negative' conditions. First observed in studies by Elton Mayo at the Western Electric plant in Chicago, beginning The Hawthorne Effect basically established that attitude was more influenced by emotional rather than economic factors. See Hawthorne Effect summary. Headhunt - To find a person who is specialised in a particular job, usually for a senior position in a company, and then persuade them to leave their present employment.